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UML介绍:初入职场面对复杂模块,从接触UML开始的故事

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发表于 昨天 18:59 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
    UML介绍

    初入职场,部门首周便让我掌握一个模块的操作流程,该模块囊括了数十个类别、上百种方法,类别间关系错综复杂,方法调用频繁,我不得不绘制了一张完整的流程图,密密麻麻,然而醒来后的第二天,这张图便变得难以辨认,令我痛不欲生,那种感受至今记忆犹新。当时我抱怨“工具不合适”,自此,我开始接触并学习UML。

    统一建模语言UML,它是一种专门用于对软件密集型系统进行可视化的建模工具。

    UML图有很多种,主要包含以下几类:

    对于初学者而言,无需全面精通所有UML图,即可开展系统分析与设计任务,否则学习负担会过于沉重。依照二八法则,通常情况下,在UML图的运用中,仅需熟练掌握类图、用例图以及时序图,便足以应对大部分工作。特别是对于程序员而言,类图的使用频率最高。鉴于此,本文将专注于介绍UML类图。

    抽象类、抽象类、接口和包的UML类图表示类的UML类图表示

    UML类图中用矩形框表示一个具体类,矩形框分为三层:

    成员变量的标识符前需使用相应的访问限定符进行标注,而成员方法名之后则紧跟冒号“:”,随后是成员变量的数据类型或方法的返回类型。以下为具体示例。

    下面是一个具体类的定义:

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Student</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String pubVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String proVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String priVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    String defaultVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">pubFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"pubFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">proFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"proFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">priFun</span>()<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"priFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">defaultFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"defaultFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    下面是该类对应的UML类图:

    抽象类的UML类图表示

    在UML的类图中,抽象类也以矩形框来展现,然而,其特征在于类名和抽象方法名称均以斜体形式呈现,除此之外,它们与具体类别并无二致。

    下面是一个抽象类的定义:

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">abstract</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Person</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String pubVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String proVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String priVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    String defaultVar;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">pubFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"pubFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">protected</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">proFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"proFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">priFun</span>()<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"priFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    String <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">defaultFun</span>(){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">        <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">return</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(152, 195, 121);">"defaultFun"</span>;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    //抽象方法<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> </span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">abstract</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">abstractFun</span>();<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    其对应的UML类图如下:

    接口的UML类图表示

    类图中的接口同样以矩形框来展现,不过其表示方式与类有所不同。在类图的第一层,接口的上方会使用“>”符号来标识,以此表明其为一个接口。紧接着,下方会列出接口的名称,而在第二层,则会展示接口所包含的方法。此外,还需留意一点,接口中的方法并未指定访问修饰符,因此其默认的访问权限为公开。

    下面是一个接口的定义:

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">interface</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Shoes</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">abstractFun</span>();<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    其对应的UML类图如下:

    包的UML类图表示

   


    类和接口一般都出现在包中,UML类图中包的表示形式如图:

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">package</span> graph;</span></code></pre></p>
    UML类图表示类之间关系继承关系

    继承关系也称为泛化关系,是指对象与对象之间的继承关系。如,

    在UML类图中,我们通常用由空心三角和实线构成的箭头来表示继承关系,这样的箭头一端指向父类,另一端则指向子类。

    下面的例子中,Son类继承了类。

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Parent</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Son</span> </span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">extends</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Parent</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    用UML类图表示如下:

    实现关系

    实现关系描述了接口与其实现类之间的相互联系。在UML的类图展示中,这种关系通过一个由空心三角形和虚线构成的箭头来体现,箭头方向由实现类指向相应的接口。

    下面的例子中,Dog类实现了了类。

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">interface</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Animal</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Dog</span> </span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">implements</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Animal</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    用UML类图表示如下:

    聚合关系

    聚合联系乃一种独特的联结方式,它揭示了整体与局部之间的相互联系,其中整体与局部各自拥有独立的生命周期。即便整体不复存在,局部依然可以独立存在。以公司部门与员工的关系为例,即便部门被撤销,员工依然可以继续存在。

    在UML模型中,表示聚合关系的图形特征为:一个空心的菱形与一条实线箭头相结合,菱形位于整体的一侧,而箭头则指向构成该整体的部分。

    如下所示

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Department</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> </span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Employee employee</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;">;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Employee</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    其对应的UML类图如下:

    组合关系

   


    与聚合关系相仿,组合关系所体现的亦是整体与部分之间的联系,然而,与聚合关系不同的是:在组合关系中,整体与部分是密不可分的,若整体对象不复存在,则部分对象亦将随之消失,部分对象与整体对象之间存在着生死相依的紧密联系。

    组合关联与聚集关联在概念上颇为相似,它们在统一建模语言(UML)中的类图表示亦十分接近。在UML的图形表示中,组合关系通过实心的菱形以及实线箭头来体现,其中实心菱形位于整体的一方,而箭头则指向构成部分的一方。

    以人的头部(Head)与口部(Mouth)为例,口部构成了头部的一个构成要素,若头部不存在,口部亦随之消失,由此可知头部与口部之间存在着相互依存的组合关系。相应的Java代码表述如下:

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Mouth</span><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Head</span> {<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">private</span> Mouth mouth;<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    其UML类图表示如下:

    在Java编程中,聚合与组合的区分往往体现在类成员变量的形式上,这类关系中的个体对象往往作为整体对象的一部分存在。仅凭代码本身,很难明确二者之间的差异。若要准确判断,需从业务需求的角度出发。若整体对象的功能实现依赖于部分对象的协作,则它们之间构成的是组合关系;反之,若整体对象可以独立存在,部分对象只是作为其组成部分,则它们之间是聚合关系。

    依赖关系

    依赖性关联属于一种较为微弱的联系。当对象A在执行某项任务时需要借助对象B,而二者之间的联系并不显著时,这种联系便可被视为依赖性关联。例如,工人若需拧紧螺丝,便需借助螺丝刀这一工具以协助其完成拧螺丝的任务。

    在Java编程语言中,依赖关系可以通过以下几种方式在代码中具体体现:B作为A类构造函数或方法中的局部变量、方法或构造函数的参数、方法的返回值,亦或是A类调用了B类的静态方法。

    在UML的类图展示中,依赖性通过一条带有虚线的箭头来标识,箭头从调用方指向被调用方。以下是一个具体的示例。

    java代码:

<p style='margin-bottom:15px;color:#555555;font-size:15px;line-height:200%;text-indent:2em;'>    <pre style="margin: 10px 8px;padding: 1em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-style: normal;font-variant-ligatures: normal;font-variant-caps: normal;font-weight: 400;orphans: 2;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;widows: 2;word-spacing: 0px;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;text-decoration-thickness: initial;text-decoration-style: initial;text-decoration-color: initial;color: rgb(171, 178, 191);background: rgb(40, 44, 52);font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: left;line-height: 1.5;font-family: -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;overflow-x: auto;border-radius: 8px;"><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Screwdriver</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">class</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(230, 192, 123);">Worker</span>{<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(92, 99, 112);font-style: italic;">使用螺丝刀对象作为Worker类方法的输入参数,这种做法形成了相互依赖的关系。</span><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">public</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(198, 120, 221);">void</span> <span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(97, 174, 238);">screw</span>(</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Screwdriver screwdriver</span></code><code style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;text-align: left;line-height: 1.75;font-family: Menlo, "Operator Mono", Consolas, Monaco, monospace;font-size: 14px;white-space: nowrap;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-size: 12px;">){<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">    }<br style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">}</span></code></pre></p>
    对应的UML类图表示如下:

    通过前面的讲解,大家应该对UML类图有了较为深入的认识,在此,我要向大家推荐一个免费的在线UML类图绘制工具,本文中所有的示例均是在此工具上完成的。

    最终,我在网络上搜寻到了一张对类图进行全面展示的实例(若涉及侵权,烦请与我联系以删除),这张图将我们之前所讲解的内容进行了串联,具体如图所示,大家可以根据此图来领会图中各类之间的相互联系。

    本文源码地址:

    本文示例代码环境:

    操作系统:macOs 12.1

    JDK版本:12.0.1

    maven版本: 3.8.4

    —完—
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